Summary about Disease
Vesicular Stomatitis (VS) is a viral disease that primarily affects livestock, including horses, cattle, swine, and occasionally sheep and goats. It is characterized by fever and the formation of vesicles (blisters) in the mouth, on the tongue, around the nostrils, and on the coronary bands of the feet. These vesicles rupture, leaving erosions that can be painful and cause reluctance to eat or move. VS is economically significant due to production losses and trade restrictions imposed to prevent its spread. It is also a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted to humans, although human infections are rare.
Symptoms
Fever
Excessive salivation (drooling)
Blisters (vesicles) in the mouth, on the tongue, around the nostrils, and on the coronary bands of the feet.
Erosions or ulcers where blisters have ruptured
Reluctance to eat or drink
Lameness if lesions are on the feet
Weight loss
Decreased milk production in dairy animals
Causes
Vesicular Stomatitis is caused by viruses belonging to the Vesiculovirus genus within the *Rhabdoviridae* family. There are several serotypes, including New Jersey, Indiana, and others. The exact mechanism of transmission in nature is not fully understood, but insect vectors (such as black flies, sand flies, and biting midges) are believed to play a role. Direct contact with infected animals or contaminated objects can also contribute to the spread. The virus can enter the body through broken skin or mucous membranes.
Medicine Used
There is no specific antiviral treatment for Vesicular Stomatitis. Treatment focuses on supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent secondary infections. This may include:
Cleaning and disinfecting lesions: Using mild antiseptic solutions to prevent bacterial infections.
Providing soft food: Making it easier for animals to eat despite oral lesions.
Pain management: Using analgesics to alleviate pain and discomfort. Consult with a veterinarian for appropriate medications and dosages.
Antibiotics: To treat secondary bacterial infections, if they occur. Antibiotics are not effective against the virus itself.
Is Communicable
Yes, Vesicular Stomatitis is highly communicable among susceptible livestock species. It can spread through direct contact with infected animals, contaminated objects (fomites), and insect vectors. Humans can also contract the disease, typically through direct contact with infected animals or tissues. Human-to-human transmission is not known to occur.
Precautions
Quarantine: Isolate affected animals to prevent further spread.
Insect control: Implement measures to control insect populations, such as using insecticides and removing standing water.
Disinfection: Thoroughly disinfect equipment, facilities, and vehicles that have been in contact with infected animals.
Avoid sharing equipment: Do not share equipment between farms or between healthy and infected animals.
Personal protective equipment (PPE): Wear gloves, masks, and protective clothing when handling infected animals.
Vaccination: A vaccine is available in some regions, consult with a veterinarian to determine if vaccination is appropriate for your animals.
Report suspected cases: Report any suspected cases of VS to your local veterinarian and state animal health authorities.
How long does an outbreak last?
An outbreak of Vesicular Stomatitis typically lasts for several weeks to a few months within a given geographic area. Individual animals usually recover within about two weeks. The overall duration of the outbreak depends on factors such as the effectiveness of control measures, insect activity, and the number of susceptible animals in the area.
How is it diagnosed?
Diagnosis of Vesicular Stomatitis is based on clinical signs and laboratory testing.
Clinical Examination: Veterinarians examine animals for characteristic lesions.
Virus Isolation: Collecting vesicular fluid or tissue samples for virus isolation in cell culture.
Serology: Blood samples can be tested for antibodies against the VSV virus.
Real-Time PCR: A rapid and sensitive molecular test to detect viral RNA.
Differential Diagnosis: It's crucial to rule out other diseases with similar symptoms, such as Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), which is a reportable disease, and other vesicular diseases.
Timeline of Symptoms
The incubation period for Vesicular Stomatitis is typically 2-8 days.
Days 1-2: Fever may be present.
Days 2-3: Vesicles (blisters) begin to form in the mouth, on the tongue, around the nostrils, and on the coronary bands of the feet.
Days 3-7: Vesicles rupture, leaving erosions or ulcers. Animals may show signs of pain, reluctance to eat, and lameness.
Days 7-14: Erosions begin to heal.
Days 14+: Most animals recover fully within two weeks, although some may experience lingering effects such as weight loss or decreased milk production.
Important Considerations
Reportable Disease: Vesicular Stomatitis is a reportable disease in many countries. Suspected cases must be reported to animal health authorities immediately to prevent widespread outbreaks and trade restrictions.
Differential Diagnosis: Because the symptoms of VS can resemble those of other serious diseases like Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), accurate diagnosis is critical. FMD is a much more devastating disease, and rapid identification is essential for control.
Zoonotic Potential: While human infections are rare, it's important to take precautions when handling infected animals or tissues. Wear gloves and wash your hands thoroughly after contact. Human symptoms are usually mild and flu-like.
Economic Impact: Outbreaks of Vesicular Stomatitis can have significant economic consequences due to production losses, trade restrictions, and the costs associated with control and eradication efforts.